Taxonomy
Bivalvia
EOL Text
Bivalvia (Pelicypod sp.) preys on:
plankton
primary producers
detritus
flagellates
Bacillariophyceae
phytoplankton
zooplankton
suspended or deposited organic matter
periphyton
algae
fungi
bacteria
fine organic matter
bacterioplankton
Microprotozoa
Achnanthes linearis
Stephanodiscus
Pinnularia
Rhoicosphenia curvata
Based on studies in:
USA: New York, Long Island (Marine)
Pacific: Bay of Panama (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Chile, central Chile (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: California (Estuarine, Intertidal, Littoral)
USA: Rhode Island (Coastal)
USA: Alaska, Aleutian Islands (Coastal)
USA: Iowa, Mississippi River (River)
USA: Michigan (Lake or pond)
USA: Florida, Everglades (Estuarine)
USA, Northeastern US contintental shelf (Coastal)
New Zealand: Otago, Blackrock, Lee catchment (River)
USA: Florida (Estuarine)
Japan (Coastal, mesopelagic zone)
USA: Wisconsin, Little Rock Lake (Lake or pond)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- G. M. Woodwell, Toxic substances and ecological cycles, Sci. Am. 216(3):24-31, from pp. 26-27 (March 1967).
- G. E. MacGinitie, Ecological aspects of a California marine estuary, Am. Midland Nat. 16(5):629-765, from p. 652 (1935).
- J. N. Kremer and S. W. Nixon, A Coastal Marine Ecosystem: Simulation and Analysis, Vol. 24 of Ecol. Studies (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978), from p. 12.
- C. A. Simenstad, J. A. Estes, K. W. Kenyon, Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities, Science 200:403-411, from p. 404 (1978).
- C. A. Carlson, Summer bottom fauna of the Mississippi River, above Dam 19, Keokuk, Iowa, Ecology 49(1):162-168, from p. 167 (1968).
- H. M. Wilbur, Competition, predation, and the structure of the Ambystoma-Rana sylvatica community, Ecology 53:3-21, from p. 14 (1972).
- B. A. Menge, J. Lubchenco, S. D. Gaines and L. R. Ashkenas, A test of the Menge-Sutherland model of community organization in a tropical rocky intertidal food web, Oecologia (Berlin) 71:75-89, from p. 85 (1986).
- J. C. Castilla, Perspectivas de investigacion en estructura y dinamica de communidades intermareales rocosas de Chile Central. II. Depredadores de alto nivel trofico, Medio Ambiente 5(1-2):190-215, from p. 203 (1981).
- W. E. Odum and E. J. Heald, The detritus-based food web of an estuarine mangrove community, In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, Chemistry, Biology and the Estuarine System, Academic Press, New York, pp. 265-286, from p. 281 (1975).
- Townsend, CR, Thompson, RM, McIntosh, AR, Kilroy, C, Edwards, ED, Scarsbrook, MR. 1998. Disturbance, resource supply and food-web architecture in streams. Ecology Letters 1:200-209.
- M. A. Hatanaka, Sendai Bay. In: Productivity of Biocenoses in Coastal Regions of Japan, K. Hogetsu, M. Horanaka, T. Hatanaka, T. Kawamura, Eds. (Japanese Committee for the International Biological Program Synthesis, Tokyo, 1977), 14:173-221, from p. 190.
- Link J (2002) Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 230:19
- Christian RR, Luczkovich JJ (1999) Organizing and understanding a winters seagrass foodweb network through effective trophic levels. Ecol Model 117:99124
- Martinez ND (1991) Artifacts or attributes? Effects of resolution on the Little Rock Lake food web. Ecol Monogr 61:367392
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
| Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Recent studies (e.g., Bieler et al., 2014) have confirmed that the Bivalvia consist of two major clades, Protobranchia and Autobranchia, with the latter dividing into Pteriomorphia and Heteroconchia. Heteroconchia in turn consist of Palaeoheterodonta and Heterodonta, with the latter dividing into Archiheterodonta and Euheterodonta. To avoid introducing additional Linnean ranks into the classification based on this hypothesized branching pattern of the bivalve tree, Autobranchia and Heteroconchia are not translated into ranks herein.
- Bieler, R.; Mikkelsen, P. M.; Collins, T. M.; Glover, E. A.; González, V. L.; Graf, D. L.; Harper, E. M.; Healy, J.; Kawauchi, G. Y.; Sharma, P. P.; Staubach, S.; Strong, E. E.; Taylor, J. D.; Tëmkin, I.; Zardus, J. D.; Clark, S.; Guzmán, A.; McIntyre, E.; Sharp, P.; Giribet, G. (2014). Investigating the Bivalve Tree of Life – an exemplar-based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters. Invertebrate Systematics. 28(1): 32-115.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License |
| Source | http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105 |
Flexible cylinders siphon water: clams
Siphons used by clams to inhale and exhale water are effective due to their flexibility and extensibility.
"Cylinders may also act as pipelines carrying one material through another, like underground pipes. Man's oil or drainage pipelines are usually rigid, but in nature flexibility is more valuable for this purpose. Some bivalve molluscs, such as clams, can live quite deep under the sandy sea bed by virtue of their extensible cylindrical siphons, one for inhaling water and the other for exhaling it after the gills have extracted food and oxygen." (Foy and Oxford Scientific Films 1982:23)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Foy, Sally; Oxford Scientific Films. 1982. The Grand Design: Form and Colour in Animals. Lingfield, Surrey, U.K.: BLA Publishing Limited for J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd, Aldine House, London. 238 p.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
| Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/fc0fa015200f0253e6d93be6884f740b |
Ligament used to reopen shells: bivalve mollusks
A ligament in bivalve mollusks can reopen closed shells due to the presence of abductin, an elastic protein.
"Another protein rubber is abductin found in the shell-opening ligaments of bivalve mollusks. One or two adductor muscles hold the two halfshells or valves of a bivalve closed (the edible part of a scallop is one of these muscles). Closing compresses the ligament, so its elastic resiliency can reopen the shell if the muscles relax. Interestingly, scallops, which swim by repeatedly clapping their valves together, recover a greater fraction of the work done on their abductin than do clams and other more sedentary forms." (Vogel 2003:304)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Steven Vogel. 2003. Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
| Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/6f31841f5b2d7ed298f47f2f2f1d9fe7 |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:27911
Specimens with Sequences:22620
Specimens with Barcodes:19609
Species:1885
Species With Barcodes:1532
Public Records:16881
Public Species:1288
Public BINs:1427
Genomic DNA is available from 8 specimens with morphological vouchers housed at National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Text can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. |
| Source | http://www.oglf.org/catalog/details.php?id=T00318 |
Genomic DNA is available from 2 specimens with morphological vouchers housed at British Antarctic Survey
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Text can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. |
| Source | http://www.oglf.org/catalog/details.php?id=T00318 |
Genomic DNA is available from 3 specimens with morphological vouchers housed at British Antarctic Survey
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Text can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. |
| Source | http://www.oglf.org/catalog/details.php?id=T00318 |
recent & fossil
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License |
| Source | http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105 |